Bilateral tonic pupil during a migraine attack: a case report / Pupila tônica bilateral durante crise de enxaqueca: relato de caso

INTRODUCTION:Tonic pupil or Adie's pupil occurs due to parasympathetic denervation, and it is characterized by mydriasis with little or no response to light, with pupillary contraction to accommodation. It is caused by eye pathologies, such as infections, trauma, neoplasms, inflammatory diseases, and systemic diseases with autonomic dysfunction. Few cases have been reported of bilateral tonic pupils associated with migraine attacks. CASE REPORT: Our aimed to describe the case of a young female patient with a history of chronic migraine without aura, who presented acutely with bilateral pupillary mydriasis during a migraine attack, characterized as tonic pupil, and to discuss the possible causes of mydriasis during a migraine attack.

INTRODUÇÃO: A pupila tônica ou pupila de Adie ocorre devido à denervação parassimpática e é caracterizada por midríase com pouca ou nenhuma resposta à luz, com contração pupilar à acomodação. É causada por patologias oculares, como infecções, traumas, neoplasias, doenças inflamatórias e doenças sistêmicas com disfunção autonômica. Poucos casos foram relatados de pupilas tônicas bilaterais associadas a crises de enxaqueca. RELATO DE CASO: Nosso objetivo foi descrever o caso de uma paciente jovem, com história de enxaqueca crônica sem aura, que apresentou agudamente midríase pupilar bilateral durante uma crise de enxaqueca, caracterizada como pupila tônica, e discutir as possíveis causas da midríase durante uma crise de enxaqueca. ataque de enxaqueca.

3D-Structural Characterization of MicroRNA Expressed in Leprosy / Caracterização Estrutural em 3D de MicroRNAs Expressos na Hanseníase

Introduction: Hansen's disease, or leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), is a major public health problem in developing countries, and affecting the skin and peripheral nerves. However, M. leprae can also affect bone tissue, mucous membranes, liver, eyes, and testicles, producing a variety of clinical phenotypes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been expressed in the various clinical forms of leprosy and could potentially be used for its diagnosis. Objective: in silico design of the molecular structure of miRNAs expressed in leprosy. Methodology: we performed a nucleotide sequence search of 17 miRNAs expressed in leprosy, designing in silico the molecular structure of the following miRNAs: miRNA-26a, miRNA-27a, miRNA-27b, miRNA-29c, miRNA-34c, miRNA-92a-1, miRNA- 99a-2, miRNA-101-1, miRNA-101-2, miRNA-125b-1, miRNA-196b, miRNA-425-5p, miRNA-452, miRNA-455, miRNA-502, miRNA-539, and miRNA-660. We extracted the nucleotides were from the GenBank of National Center for Biotechnology Information genetic sequence database. We aligned the extracted sequences with the RNA Folding Form, and the three-dimensional molecular structure design was performed with the RNAComposer. Results: we demonstrate the nucleotide sequences, and molecular structure projection of miRNAs expressed in leprosy, and produces a tutorial on the molecular model of the 17 miRNAs expressed in leprosy through in silico projection processing of their molecular structures. Conclusion: we demonstrate in silico design of selected molecular structures of 17 miRNAs expressed in leprosy through computational biology.

Introdução: a doença de Hansen, ou hanseníase é causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), é um grande problema de saúde pública nos países em desenvolvimento e afeta, a pele e os nervos periféricos. Entretanto, o M. leprae também pode comprometer o tecido ósseo, membranas mucosas, fígado, olhos e testículos, produzindo uma variedade de fenótipos clínicos. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) têm sido expressos nas várias formas clínicas da hanseníase e podem ser potencialmente utilizados para seu diagnóstico. Objetivo: objetivou-se com esse experimento modelar computacionalmente a estrutura molecular dos miRNAs expressos na hanseníase. Metodologia: realizou-se como metodologia uma pesquisa das sequências nucleotídicas de 17 miRNAs expressos na hanseníase, desenhando em modelo computacional a estrutura molecular dos seguintes miRNAs: miRNA-26a, miRNA-27a, miRNA-27b, miRNA- 29c, miRNA-34c, miRNA-92a-1, miRNA-99a-2, miRNA-101-1, miRNA-101-2, miRNA-125b-1, miRNA-196b, miRNA-425-5p, miRNA-452, miRNA-455, miRNA-502, miRNA-539, e miRNA-660. Extraiu-se os nucleotídeos do banco de dados do GenBank of National Center for Biotechnology Information . Alinhou-se as sequências extraídas com o RNA Folding Form, e o projeto da estrutura molecular tridimensional foi realizado com o RNAComposer. Resultados: demonstrou-se como resultados as sequências dos nucleotídeos e a projeção da estrutura molecular dos miRNAs expressos na hanseníase, e produzimos um tutorial sobre o modelo molecular dos 17 miRNAs expressos em hanseníase através do processamento de suas estruturas moleculares em projeção computacional. Conclusão: foi demonstrado computacionalmente o projeto de estruturas moleculares selecionadas de 17 miRNAs expressos em hanseníase através da biologia computacional.

Relationship between optical coherence tomography findings and clinical variables in patients with opiate use disorder / Relação entre os achados da tomografia de coerência óptica e as variáveis clínicas em pacientes com transtorno por uso de opiáceos

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to examine optical coherence tomography findings in patients with opiate use disorder by comparing them with healthy controls. Methods: The study included 30 opiate use disorder patients and 30 controls. The participants' detailed biomicroscopic examinations, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and both eye examinations were evaluated. A total of 120 eyes were evaluated using optical coherence tomography, measuring the central macular thickness, mean macular thickness, mean macular volume and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Moreover, all participants filled in the demographic data form and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Results: Upon examination of the optical coherence tomography findings, central macular thickness, mean macular thickness, and mean macular volume were thinner in both eyes in patients with opiate use disorder (p<0.01 in all measurements in both eyes). Similarly, the total values of the superior quadrant and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were statistically significant in both eyes compared to that in the control group (p=0.007, p=0.002; p=0.049, p=0.007, in the right and left eyes, respectively). Only the left eye was positively correlated with retinal nerve fiber layer superior quadrant measurement and hospitalization (r=0.380, p=0.039). Conclusion: Our results revealed that the patients' central macular thickness, mean macular thickness, and mean macular volume values were thinner. Increase in the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness superior quadrant thickness and total value was also observed. Further studies with larger sampling groups that evaluate neuroimaging findings should be conducted.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo foi investigar foi, os achados da tomografia de coerência óptica em pacientes com transtorno do uso de opiáceos, comparando-os com controles saudáveis. Métodos: O estudo incluiu 30 pacientes com transtorno do uso de opiáceos e 30 controles. Os exames biomicroscópicos detalhados de todos os participantes, acuidade visual, pressão intraocular e ambos os exames oculares foram avaliados com tomografia de coerência óptica. Um total de 120 olhos foram avaliados usando tomografia de coerência óptica, e a espessura macular central, espessura macular média, volume macular médio e a espessura da camada de fibra nervosa da retina dos participantes foram medidos. Além disso, todos os participantes preencheram o Formulário de Dados Demográficos e a Escala de Impulsividade Barratt (BIS-11). Resultados: Quando os achados de tomografia de coerência óptica foram examinados, espessura macular central, espessura macular média e volume macular médio eram mais finos de acordo com controles saudáveis em ambos os olhos em pacientes com transtorno do uso de opiáceos (p<0,01 em todas as medições em ambos os olhos). Da mesma forma, os valores totais do quadrante superior e espessura da camada de fibra nervosa da retina estavam mais em níveis estatisticamente significativos em ambos os olhos em comparação com o grupo controle (p=0,007, p=0,002; p=0,049, p=0,007, no olho direito e esquerdo, respectivamente). Estar internado em hospital e apenas a medida do quadrante superior da espessura da camada de fibra nervosa da retina do olho esquerdo associou-se positivamente (r=0,380, p=0,039). Conclusão: Em nossos resultados, descobrimos que os valores de espessura macular central, espessura macular média e volume macular médio dos pacientes eram mais finos. Verificamos também espessamento no quadrante superior e valor total da espessura da camada de fibra nervosa da retina. Nosso estudo deve ser apoiado por novos estudos com grupos de amostragem maiores, nos quais os achados de neuroimagem são avaliados.

Correlation between vertical dimension of occlusion and different facial measurements among a sample of sudanese adults / Correlación entre la dimensión vertical de la oclusión y diferentes medidas faciales en una muestra de adultos sudaneses

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) and various facial measurements in a sample of Sudanese adults. Material and Methods: A total of 113 dental students (33 males and 80 females) with a mean age of 21.7±1.26 years were enrolled in this study. Different facial measurements including (Eye-Mouth, Eye-Eye, Eye-Ear, and Ear Height) were compared with two different measurements of VDO: N-Gn (from the tip of the nose to the tip of the chin), and Sn-Me (from the base of the nose to the bottom of the chin). Pearson's correlation coefficient test was utilized for the correlation between the measured parameters. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. Results: A significant positive correlation was shown between all measured facial distances and both measured VDO distances. Though, the strongest correlation was seen for the eye-mouth distance (r= 0.725, p<0.001), while the weakest was for ear height (r= 0.254, p= 0.007). A paired t-test revealed a significant longer N-Gn distance than Sn-Me distance. Also, it has been shown that there were no significant differences between right and left sides of the face. Conclusion: The distance measured from the outer canthus of the eye to the angle of the mouth can be used to predict Subnasale-Menton (Sn-Me) distance.

Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la correlación entre dimensión vertical oclusal (DVO) y varias medidas faciales en una muestra de adultos sudaneses. Material y Métodos: Un total de 113 estudiantes de odontología (33 hombres y 80 mujeres) con una edad media de 21,7 ± 1,26 años se inscribieron en este estudio. Se compararon diferentes medidas faciales que incluyen (ojo- boca, ojo-ojo, ojo-oído y altura de la oreja) con dos medidas diferentes de DVO: N-Gn (desde la punta de la nariz hasta la punta del mentón) y Sn -Yo (desde la base de la nariz hasta la parte inferior del mentón). Se utilizó la prueba del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para la correlación entre los parámetros medidos. Un valor de p inferior a 0,05 se consideró significativo para todos los análisis. Resultados: Se mostró una correlación positiva significativa entre todas las distancias faciales medidas y ambas distancias DVO medidas. Sin embargo, la correlación más fuerte se observó para la distancia ojo-boca (r=0,725, p<0,001), mientras que la más débil fue para la altura de las orejas (r=0,254, p=0,007). Una prueba de t pareada reveló una distancia N-Gn significativamente más larga que la distancia subnasal-mentón. Además, se ha demostrado que no hubo diferencias significativas entre los lados derecho e izquierdo de la cara. Conclusión: La distancia medida desde el canto externo del ojo hasta el ángulo de la boca puede utilizarse para predecir la distancia subnasal-mentón.

Preliminary study of rabbits as an animal model of mammalian eye transplantation and literature review / Estudo preliminar de coelhos como modelo animal para transplante de olho em mamíferos e revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe an innovative animal model of eye transplantation used in rabbits. Methods: six Dutch-belted male rabbits were submitted to lateral orbitotomy in the right eye, wide retrobulbar anatomy exposure, dissection of the structures, identification and distal section of the optic nerve followed by anastomosis either by vicryl (group 1) or fibrin glue (group 2). Electroretinography recording was performed before the section of the optic nerve and every 30 seconds after, to monitor the function of retina. Left eye was used as control group. Results: After optic nerve resection and anastomosis, stable ERG amplitude of the right eye was lost after 302 seconds in group 1 and after 296 seconds on group 2. Left eye kept longer stable ERG amplitude curves. Conclusions: The animal model of whole eye transplantation was effective in describing a novel technique to be used in rabbits, with success of the anatomic procedure. Further studies will clarify the best anastomosis methods and maintenance of function of the receptor organ. Translational relevance: this animal model of whole eye transplantation provides a novel perspective for blind patients and the research models, since we describe a novel mammal animal model. This model can be used as basis of a human model of whole eye transplantation in future studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever uma técnica cirúrgica inovadora para transplante de olho em um modelo animal em coelhos. Métodos: Seis coelhos machos com Dutch Belted foram submetidos à orbitotomia lateral do olho direito, com ampla exposição da anatomia retrobulbar, dissecção do cone muscular, exposição e secção distal do nervo óptico seguida de anastomose por vicryl (Grupo 1) ou cola de fibrina (Grupo 2). O registro da eletrorretinografia foi realizado antes da secção do nervo óptico e a cada 30 segundos após, para monitorar a função da retina. O olho esquerdo foi usado como grupo controle. Resultados: Após a ressecção do nervo óptico, a estabilidade da amplitude da eletrorretinografia foi perdida no olho direito após 302 segundos no Grupo 1 e após 296 segundos no Grupo 2. O olho esquerdo manteve eletrorretinografia estável por períodos mais longos. Conclusão: O modelo animal de transplante total de olho foi eficaz em descrever uma nova técnica cirúrgica para ser utilizada em laboratório com coelhos, com sucesso do procedimento anatômico. Novos estudos esclarecerão os melhores métodos de anastomose e manutenção da função do órgão receptor.

Aneurisma trombosado de arteria comunicante anterior asociado a síntomas visuales / Thrombosed anterior communicating artery aneurysm associated with visual symptoms

Introducción: Los aneurismas de la arteria comunicante anterior (AComA) se presentan frecuentemente como causa de hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea (HSAE), en casos raros se asocian a síntomas visuales por compresión mecánica o ruptura y su tratamiento quirúrgico a menudo representa un desafío. Descripción del caso: Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente adulta con disminución de la agudeza visual del ojo derecho a predominio temporal, y hallazgos en RMN cerebral y angiografía compatibles con un aneurisma grande de AcomA, asociado a trombosis parcial; se realizó clipaje y trombectomía del aneurisma, la panangiografia de control evidenció exclusión completa de la lesión con posterior resolución del déficit visual. Discusión: El déficit visual por un aneurisma de la AcoA se puede generar por varios mecanismos, uno de ellos es la ruptura del aneurisma hacia el nervio óptico, con la subsecuente formación de un hematoma, adherencias y fibrosis; el otro mecanismo es la compresión mecánica de un aneurisma gigante no roto. El manejo quirúrgico a menudo implica técnicas complejas microquirúrgicas para intentar resolver el efecto de masa y excluir el aneurisma. La terapia endovascular es otra alternativa de tratamiento, pero tiene desventajas respecto a la cirugía. Conclusión: Los aneurismas de la AComA en raros casos se pueden asociar a síntomas visuales, debido a que por lo general se romepen cuando son pequeños, y no alcanzan a tener el tamaño suficiente para generar compresión de la vía óptica. Las técnicas microquirúrgicas ofrecen un método efectivo para disminuir el efecto de masa y mejorar los síntomas visuales

Introduction: Aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (AComA) frequently present as a cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (HSAE), in rare cases they are associated with visual symptoms due to mechanical compression or rupture and their surgical treatment often represents a challenge. Description of the case: We present the clinical case of an adult patient with a decrease in visual acuity due to the right eye with a temporal predominance and findings on brain MRI and angiography compatible with a large AcomA aneurysm associated with partial thrombosis; clipping and thrombectomy of the aneurysm were performed, the control panangiography showed complete exclusion of the lesion. With subsequent resolution of the visual deficit. Discussion: The visual deficit due to an AcoA aneurysm can be generated by several mechanisms, one of them is the rupture of the aneurysm towards the optic nerve, with the subsequent formation of a hematoma, adhesions and fibrosis; The other mechanism is mechanical compression of a giant, unruptured aneurysm. Surgical management often involves complex microsurgical techniques to try to resolve the mass effect and exclude the aneurysm. Endovascular therapy is another treatment alternative, but it has disadvantages compared to surgery. Conclusion: AComA aneurysms in rare cases can be associated with visual symptoms, because they generally rupture when they are small, and are not large enough to generate compression of the optic pathway. Microsurgical techniques offer an effective method to alleviate the mass effect and improve visual symptoms

Glaucoma de células fantasmas secundario a Síndrome de Terson en un ojo fáquico / Secondary ghost cell glaucoma a Terson syndrome in a phakic eye

Paciente masculino con antecedente de trauma craneoencefálico severo recibido en la unidad de emergencia con una puntuación en la escala de Glasgow de 3 puntos; se describió en la tomografía computarizada un hematoma frontal epidural y una hemorragia subdural aguda; fue intervenido quirúrgicamente por neurocirugía en la Unidad de Emergencias y posteriormente fue llevado a la unidad de cuidados intensivos donde durante la recuperación (2 meses) refirió disminución de la agudeza visual en ojo izquierdo; fue evaluado en el servicio de Oftalmología donde la agudeza visual del ojo derecho fue de 20/40 y en ojo izquierdo no percibe la luz, en la evaluación oftalmológica se evidencia la presión intraocular en ojo izquierdo de 44mmHg, abundante celularidad en cámara anterior y a la evaluación ultrasonografía de cámara vítrea se describe una imagen que se correlaciona con una aparente hemorragia vítrea. Se diagnostica con Glaucoma de células fantasmas y síndrome de Terson; se inicia tratamiento médico con antiglaucomatoso para el glaucoma de células fantasmas y expectante para el síndrome de Terson, a la semana debido a la pobre respuesta se realizó trabeculectomia y vitrectomía vía Pars plana, posterior al tratamiento oftalmológico, se describió una visión de ojo izquierdo de 20/200

Male patient with a history of severe head trauma received in the emergency unit with a Glasgow coma score of 3; radiologically, an epidural frontal hematoma and an acute subdural hemorrhage are described in the computed tomography; the patient underwent surgery in the Emergency Unit and was later admitted to the intensive care unit where during recovery (2 months) he reported decreased visual acuity in the left eye; is evaluated in the ophthalmology service where is found a visual acuity of the right eye with correction of 20/40 and the left eye does not perceive light, the ophthalmology evaluation shows an intraocular pressure of the left eye of 44mmHg, abundant cellularity in the anterior chamber and in the ultrasound evaluation of the vitreous chamber describes an image that correlates with an apparent vitreous hemorrhage. He is diagnosed with Ghost Cell Glaucoma and Terson Syndrome; Medical treatment with antiglaucoma treatment for Ghost cell glaucoma and expectant for Terson syndrome is started. After a week due to the poor response, a trabeculectomy and vitrectomy via pars plana was performed, after ophthalmological treatment, a vision of the left eye of 20/200 was described

Influência do estímulo visual e posição dos membros superiores no controle postural ortostático de crianças e adolescentes / Influence of visual stimulus and upper limbs' position in the orthostatic postural control of children and adolescents

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influência do estímulo visual e posicionamento dos membros superiores no controle postural ortostático e avaliar o efeito do sexo e idade nas respostas posturais de crianças e adolescentes. Estudo transversal, com amostra de 84 participantes com idade entre 11 e 14 anos, ambos os sexos (55 meninas), de escola pública de Goiânia (GO). Além do exame físico, o controle postural foi avaliado na posição ortostática pela baropodometria computadorizada em três condições: olhos abertos, olhos fechados e olhos abertos com ombros a 90° de abdução. A ausência do estímulo visual gerou maior instabilidade postural em comparação à condição de olhos abertos. Em relação as diferenças existentes entre os sexos, foi observado que as meninas tiveram menores valores de deslocamento anteroposterior e área da elipse que os meninos. Comparando-se os olhos abertos e fechados, as meninas apresentaram maiores valores na área da elipse e os meninos nos deslocamentos anteroposterior e látero-lateral. Ao analisar o efeito da idade foi observado que o grupo com 13 e 14 anos apresentou maiores valores em todas as variáveis analisadas. A ausência do estímulo visual aumentou os valores da área da elipse no grupo com 11 e 12 e dos deslocamentos no grupo com 13 e 14 anos. Não foi verificado efeito interativo entre sexo e idade. Na condição de abdução dos membros superiores não houve diferença no controle postural. Conclui-se que a ausência do estímulo visual foi mais impactante na manutenção do controle postural ortostático em crianças e adolescentes em relação as outras condições avaliadas, existindo diferença entre os sexos e a idade, em que os meninos e o grupo com 13 e 14 anos realizaram mais ajustes para manter o controle postural. (AU)

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of visual stimulus and positioning of the upper limbs in the orthostatic postural control, and to assess the effects of gender and age in the postural responses of children and adolescents. This was a transversal study involving 84 participants (of which 55 were girls) from public schools in Goiania (GO - Brazil) with age between 11 and 14 years. Besides physical examination, the participants' postural control was assessed in the orthostatic position by computerized baropodometry in three different conditions: eyes-open, eyes-closed, and eyes-open with shoulders at 90º abduction. The absence of visual stimulus generated more postural instability in relation to the eyes-open condition. Regarding gender differences, the girls had lower anteroposterior and ellipse area displacement than boys. Comparing the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions, the girls presented higher values in the ellipse area and the boys presented higher values in the anteroposterior and laterolateral displacements. Analyzing the effect of age, the participants between 13 and 14 years old presented higher values in all variables. The absence of visual stimulus increased the values of the ellipse area in the participants between 11 and 12 years of age and the values of displacements in the participants between 13 and 14 years of age. Interactive effect between genders and age has not been verified. There were no postural control differences in the upper limbs abduction condition. Conclusion: The absence of visual stimulus was more impacting in the support of orthostatic postural control in children and adolescents than the other conditions assessed; the boys and the participants between 13 and 14 years of age made more adjustments in order to maintain postural control. (AU)

Ocular involvement in sporotrichosis: report of two cases in children

Abstract Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis that affects humans and animals, with a typically subacute or chronic evolution, caused by Sporothrix spp., a dimorphic fungus. Although the cutaneous form is the most frequent presentation, the ocular involvement has been more frequently diagnosed in endemic areas, affecting mainly children and the elderly. Approximately 80% of affected patients have the lymphocutaneous form, while only 2.3% have conjunctival lesions, with 0.7% showing primary ocular involvement. We describe two cases of sporotrichosis with ocular involvement in children through inoculation by felines, with a good response to antifungal treatment.

Quiste de iris. A propósito de un caso / Iris cysts. About a case

Introducción: Los quistes de iris son lesiones benignas encapsuladas de contenido líquido que se pueden localizar en el epitelio pigmentario del iris o en su estroma, se clasifican de acuerdo con su etiología en primarios cuando no tienen una causa conocida y secundarios cuando se forman como consecuencia de traumatismos, fármacos, tumores malignos, uveítis, parásitos o trastornos sistémicos.Los síntomas incluyen obstrucción del eje visual, visión borrosa e incluso descompensación corneal, el diagnóstico se realiza mediante la observación directa a través de la lámpara de hendidura y con estudios de imagen como la ultrasonografía, una vez establecido el diagnóstico su tratamiento sigue siendo controversial e incluyen iridectomía, drenaje del conteni-do quístico, uso de láser argón y YAG láser.Presentación del caso: Paciente femenina de 28 años con antecedente de traumatismo ocular derecho, posteriormente presenta lesión quística en iris, valorada mediante biomicroscopía y estudios de imagen (ultrabiomicroscopía), confirmando el diagnóstico de quiste de iris, para lo cual se realiza drenaje quirúrgico con evolución favorable. Conclusión: Los quistes de iris son lesiones poco frecuentes que podrían comprometer el campo visual dependiendo de su localización y tamaño por lo que el drenaje quirúrgico del contenido quístico iridiano es una opción terapéutica eficaz.

Introduction: Iris cysts are benign encapsulated lesions of liquid content that can be located in the pigment epithelium of the iris or in its stroma, they are classified according to their etio-logy as primary when they do not have a known cause and secondary when they form as a consequence from trauma, drugs, malignant tumors, uveitis, parasites or systemic disorders.Symptoms include visual axis obstruction, blurred vision and even corneal decompensation. The diagnosis is made by direct observation through the slit lamp and with imaging studies such as ultrasonography. Once the diagnosis is established, its treatment remains contro-versial and include iridectomy, drainage of cystic contents, use of argon laser and YAG laser.Case presentation: A 28-year-old female patient with a history of right ocular trauma, subse-quently presenting a cystic lesion in the iris, assessed by biomicroscopy and imaging studies (ultrabiomicroscopy) confirming the diagnosis of iris cyst, for which surgical drainage was performed with a favorable evolution.Conclusion: Iris cysts are rare lesions that could compromise the visual field depending on their location and size, which is why surgical drainage of the iris cyst content is an effective therapeutic option.

Custom-made ocular prosthesis for rehabilitation of missing parts of the face: A case report

Background@#Eyes are an important component of the face and vital organs of vision. Eye loss can be caused by congenital defects, trauma, or tumor. Loss of an eye produces physical abnormalities that pose a psychological burden on the patient, as well as visual function damage. An ocular prosthesis is an artificial maxillofacial prosthesis to replace the lost eye. @*Case summary@#A 54-year-old man consults at the Prosthodontics Specialist Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital for an eye prosthesis. The patient did not have the right eyeball since birth. Soft tissue around the eye is normal, including the palpebral muscles. @*Case management@#An impression was made using a custom tray and alginate in the defect area, followed by filling the impression with gypsum type 3 to get a working model, from which a wax model is made and adjusted to the patient. After that, sclera and ocular acrylic prostheses are made on the basis of an adjusted wax model. The prosthesis is then polished and colored according to the contralateral eye. Then the prosthesis is delivered to the patient. @*Conclusion@#The hollow custom-made eye prosthesis can be considered in the treatment of anophthalmia. It is able to improve the patient's psychological and emotional status.

Characteristics of Visual Evoked Potential in Different Parts of Visual Impairment / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the quantitative and qualitative differences of visual evoked potential (VEP) in monocular visual impairment after different parts of visual pathway injury.@*METHODS@#A total of 91 subjects with monocular visual impairment caused by trauma were selected and divided into intraocular refractive media-injury group (eyeball injury group for short), optic nerve injury group, central nervous system injury and intracranial combined injury group according to the injury cause and anatomical segment. Pattern Reversal visual evoked potential (PR-VEP) P100 peak time and amplitude, Flash visual evoked potential (F-VEP) P2 peak time and amplitude were recorded respectively. SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the differences of quantitative (peak time and amplitude) and qualitative indexes (spatial frequency sweep-VEP acuity threshold, and abnormal waveform category and frequency) of the four groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with healthy eyes, the PR-VEP P100 waveforms of the intraocular eyeball injury group and the F-VEP P2 waveforms of the optic nerve group showed significant differences in prolonged peak time and decreased amplitude in injured eyes (P<0.05). The PR-VEP amplitudes of healthy eyes were lower than those of injured eyes at multiple spatial frequencies in central nervous system injury group and intracranial combined injury group (P<0.05).The amplitude of PR-VEP in patients with visual impairment involving central injury was lower than that in patients with eye injury at multiple spatial frequencies. The frequency of VEP P waveforms reaching the threshold of the intraocular injury group and the optic nerve injury group were siginificantly different from the intracranial combined injury group, respectively(P<0.008 3), and the frequency of abnormal reduction of VEP amplitude of threshold were significantly different from the central nervous system injury group, respectively(P<0.008 3).@*CONCLUSIONS@#VEP can distinguish central injury from peripheral injury, eyeball injury from nerve injury in peripheral injury, but cannot distinguish simple intracranial injury from complex injury, which provides basic data and basis for further research on the location of visual impairment injury.

Relations between the ocular surface and SARS-CoV-2 / Relações entre superfície ocular e SARS-CoV-2

ABSTRACT Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been a major challenge for the international scientific community. Since its inception, studies aiming to describe pathophysiological aspects and clinical manifestations of the disease have been conducted, raising hypotheses and confirming possible associations. One aspect of this scientific medical production is the role of the ocular surface as a means of transmission and clinical presentation of viral syndrome. Objectives: To analyze the role of the ocular surface in transmission, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, by means of a systematic review. Methods: The search was carried out in three databases: Cochrane, PubMed Central Journals and MEDLINE, using the following descriptors: "COVID-19, ophthalmology". The filters last five years and studies on humans resulted in 32 studies; in that 12 were excluded for not meeting the purpose of the study. Results: There are still few published studies on the relation between SARS-CoV-2 and the ocular route. Most studies showed an association between the presence of nonspecific ocular manifestations and infection by the new coronavirus, with limitations in the number of patients analyzed and the methodology adopted. Hypotheses about the pathophysiological role are largely anchored in the association of SARS-CoV and the ocular surface evaluated in the past. Comments: The results found are still not sufficient to confirm the role of the ocular surface in the pathophysiology of the disease. Most of these preliminary studies are of considerable importance in raising hypotheses based on the medical analysis of the patients studied. However, larger studies with standardized methodology for diagnostic protocol and laboratory analysis of the individuals assessed are required.

RESUMO Introdução: A pandemia da SARS-CoV-2 tem sido um grande desafio para a comunidade científica internacional. Desde seu surgimento, estudos com a intenção de descrever os aspectos fisiopatológicos e as manifestações clínicas da doença vêm sendo conduzidos, levantando hipóteses e confirmando possíveis associações. Um dos temas dessa produção médica científica é o papel da superfície ocular como meio de transmissão e apresentação clínica da síndrome viral. Objetivo: Analisar o papel da superfície ocular na transmissão, na fisiopatologia e nas manifestações clínicas de SARS-CoV-2, através de uma revisão sistemática. Realizou-se a busca em três bancos de dados Cochrane Database, PubMed® e MEDLINE®, utilizando os descritores "COVID-19 e ophthalmology". Foram definidos como filtros o artigo ter sido publicado nos últimos 5 anos e estudo realizado em humanos, tendo sido encontrados 32 artigos. Destes, foram excluídos 12 por não corresponderem ao objetivo do estudo. Resultados: Ainda são poucos os estudos publicados sobre a relação entre o coronavírus 2 da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2) e a via ocular. A maioria dos estudos mostrou associação entre a presença de manifestações oculares inespecíficas e a infecção pelo novo coronavírus, com limitações no número de pacientes analisados e na metodologia adotada. Hipóteses sobre o papel fisiopatológico se ancoram, em grande parte, na associação estudada entre o SARS-CoV-2 e a superfície ocular no passado. Comentários: Os resultados encontrados ainda não são suficientes para confirmar o papel da superfície ocular na fisiopatologia da doença. Grande parte desses estudos preliminares têm importância considerável ao levantar hipóteses baseadas na análise clínica dos pacientes estudados. No entanto, são necessários estudos maiores e com metodologia padronizada para protocolo diagnóstico e análise laboratorial dos indivíduos avaliados.

Importância do diagnóstico diferencial de olho vermelho não traumático na atenção primária: uma revisão da literatura / Importance of differential diagnosis of non-traumatic red eye in primary care: a literature review

O olho vermelho é uma queixa oftalmológica frequente na atenção primária à saúde. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta revisão é descrever as principais patologias relacionadas a esse sinal na prática clínica, a fim de auxiliar os profissionais de saúde no diagnóstico, na condução dos casos, e na tomada de decisões quanto à necessidade de encaminhamento ao especialista. A maioria dos casos são benignos, porém, alguns apresentam risco de complicações e perda visual.

The red eye is a frequent eye complaint in primary health care. In this context, the objective of this review is to describe the main pathologies related to this sign in clinical practice, in order to assist health professionals in the diagnosis, in the management of cases, and in making decisions regarding the need for referral to the specialist. Most cases are benign, however, some are at risk of complications and visual loss.

Interaction Between Conscious and Unconscious Information-Processing of Faces and Words / 神经科学通报·英文版

It is widely acknowledged that holistic processing is a key characteristic of face perception. Although holistic processing implies the automatic integration of face parts, it is unclear whether such processing requires the awareness of face parts. Here, we investigated the interactions between visible face parts and face parts rendered invisible using continuous flash suppression (CFS). In the first experiment with the upper half-face visible and the lower half-face invisible, the results showed that perceived face identity was influenced by the invisible lower half-face, suggesting that integration occurs between the visible and invisible face parts, a variant of the "composite face effect". In the second experiment, we investigated the influence of visible face parts on the processing of invisible face parts, as measured by the time it took for the invisible parts to break out from CFS. The results showed a visible-to-invisible facilitation effect, that the aligned invisible face parts broke through CFS faster than when the visible and invisible face parts were misaligned. Visible eyes had a stronger influence on the invisible nose/mouth than the other way around. Such facilitation of processing from visible to invisible parts was also found when Chinese characters were used as stimuli. These results show that information integration occurs across the consciousness boundary.

Puntaje de tinción ocular en pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de Sjögren en una institución de salud en Medellín, Colombia / Ocular staining score in patients diagnosed with Sjögren syndrome in a health institution in Medellín, Colombia

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de Sjögren es una enfermedad autoinmune asociada a múltiples factores, tanto genéticos como ambientales, que afecta principalmente a las glándulas salivales y lagrimales con infiltración celular de estas, lo cual causa síntomas secos. Con frecuencia se describe la queratoconjuntivitis sicca y sus complicaciones. Sus criterios clasificatorios han cambiado a lo largo de los años por la diversidad de los órganos implicados y los espectros clínicos de la enfermedad. Hoy se cuenta con parámetros clínicos y paraclínicos para su identificación; uno de estos, el puntaje de tinción ocular ocular staining score (OSS, por sus siglas en inglés), estandarizado a partir de la cohorte SICCA. Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos en la evaluación ocular, el resultado de las pruebas que hacen parte del OSS y las características clínicas de los criterios clasificatorios en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren en el servicio de consulta externa de reumatología de un hospital universitario en el noroccidente colombiano. Método: Se condujo un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se describieron las características de los criterios clasificatorios del síndrome de Sjögren, incluyendo el puntaje de tinción ocular durante un año. Se realizaron las pruebas clínicas y tinciones oculares estandarizadas, evaluando características de la superficie ocular, producción lagrimal y tinciones con verde lisamina y fluoresceína sobre la conjuntiva y la córnea. Según los hallazgos se asignó una puntuación a cada parámetro para evaluar positividad, de acuerdo con el estándar clasificatorio. Las variables cualitativas se expresaron por medio de frecuencias absolutas y relativas y las cuantitativas como mediana y rango intercuartílico (P25-P75), según la distribución de los datos. Se empleó el paquete estadístico Epidat, versión 4.2. Resultados: Se incluyeron 28 pacientes. Los síntomas de ojo seco estuvieron presentes en el 89,2% de ellos; un 96,4% tuvo hallazgos positivos en el examen ocular y el 78,5% alcanzó un puntaje a favor de los criterios clasificatorios en la evaluación del OSS. La mediana del OSS fue 6,14; los anticuerpos anti-Ro fueron positivos en un 57,1%. Conclusión: La evaluación ocular por medio de pruebas objetivas es un método sencillo y reproducible en los pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren. Los índices más afectados fueron aquellos de disminución en la producción lagrimal. Las tinciones oculares no tuvieron una relación directa con la positivad de anticuerpos ni del factor reumatoide.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease associated with multiple genetic and environmental factors. It mainly affects the salivary and lacrimal glands with cellular infiltration leading to dry eye symptoms, with keratoconjunctivitis sicca and its complications often being described. Its classification criteria have changed over the years, due to the diversity in the organs involved and clinical spectrum of the disease. Today, there are clinical and para-clinical parameters for its identification. One of these is the ocular staining score (OSS), standardised from the SICCA cohort. Objective: To describe the findings in the ocular evaluation, the results of the tests of the OSS, and the clinical characteristics of the classification criteria in patients with Sjögren syndrome in the outpatient service of Rheumatology Outpatient Department a university hospital in north-western Colombia. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted. The characteristics of the Sjögren syndrome classification criteria were described, including the OSS score for one year. Clinical tests and standardised ocular stains were performed, evaluating characteristics of the ocular surface, tearproduction, and lissamine green and fluorescein stains on the conjunctiva and cornea, assigning, according to the findings, a score to each parameter in order to assess positivity according to the classification standard. The qualitative variables were expressed by means of absolute and relative frequencies, and the quantitative ones as the median and interquartile range (P25-P75), according to the distribution of the data. Epidat statistical package, version 4.2, was used. Results: A total of 28 patients were included. Dry eye symptoms were present in 89.2%, 96.4% had positive findings in the eye examination, and 78.5% had a score on the OSS according to the classification criteria. The median OSS was 6.14, and anti-Ro antibodies were positive in 57.1%. Conclusion: Eye evaluation by objective tests is a simple and reproducible method in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. The most affected indices were those of a decrease in tearproduction. The ocular stains did not have a direct relationship with the positivity of antibodies, nor rheumatoid factor.